1

Summary

Geography Class 45

## THE CLASS STARTED WITH A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS TOPICS (05:04 PM)

## MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES (05:12 PM)

- Minerals are usually classified as Metalic and non-metallic minerals.
- **1) Metalic minerals:**
- a) Ferrous Minerals ( Example: Iron ore)
- b) Non-ferrous Minerals. (Example: Copper and Bauxite)
- **2) Non-Metallic Minerals:**
- a) Organic or Energy minerals.
- **A) Iron Ore:**
- **a) Magnetite:**
- Black in colour
- Associated with Igneous rocks
- **b) Haematite:**
- Red in colour
- Associated with Sedimentary rocks
- **c) Limonite:**
- Brown in Colour.
- Associated with Sedimentary rocks.
- **d) Siderite:**
- Grey in colour.
- Associated with Sedimentary rocks.
- **Global Distribution:**
- USA and Russia have huge amounts of Iron ore.
- NorthAmerica**:** Lake Superior region, NE USA, Labrador, Newfoundland
- SouthAmerica**:** Itabira (Brazil), Cerro Bolivar (Venezuela)
- Europe**:** Kiruna & Gallivare (Sweden), Bilbao (Spain)
- Africa**:** Bomi Hills (Liberia), Postmasberg & Transvaal (South Africa)
- Asia**:** Krivoy Rog, Kerch (Ukraine), Kuzbas, Magnetogorsk (Siberia), Manchuria (China)
- Australia**:** Iron knob, Mt.Goldsworthy
- **B) Manganese:**
- Ore of Maganese is called Pyrolusite.
- **Global distribution:**
- South America: Macapa, Minas Geraise (Brazil), Western Mato Grasso.
- Africa:Zaire, Postmasberg (South Africa)
- Asia: Nikopol and Tokmak (Ukraine), Chiatura (Georgia), Urals.
- **C) Copper:**
- The ore of Copper is called chalcopyrite.
- **Global distribution:**
- NorthAmerica**:** Sudbury, Lynn Lake (Canada)
- SouthAmerica**:** Casapalco (Peru), Chuquicamata & San Jose (Chile).
- Africa**:** Katanga.
- Asia**:** Lake Balkash (Russia), Ulan Bator (Mongolia).
- **D) Aluminum:**
- The ore of aluminum is known as bauxite
- **Global Distribution:**
- NorthAmerica**:** Alabama, Arkansas (USA)
- SouthAmerica**:** Jamaica, Guyana, Surinam
- Europe: France, Hungary
- Africa**:** Guinea
- Asia**:** Urals, Krasnaya (Russia)
- Australia**:** Weipa, Cape York, Darling Range
- **E) Gold:**
- **Global Distribution:**
- NorthAmerica**:** Nevada, Alaska, and California.
- Canada**:** Canada has substantial gold resources, primarily located in the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia.
- SouthAfrica**:** Witwatersrand Basin
- Australia**:** Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie region.
- **F) Tin:**
- **Global Distribution:**
- Most of the South East Asian countries (Malaysia, Indonesia, etc)
- Nigeria.

## ENERGY RESOURCES (05:44 PM)

- **1) Coal:**
- Coal is generated from the remains of dead animals and plants deep beneath the Earth's surface.
- **Varieties of coal:**
- **a) Anthracite:**
- Contains 95% of Carbon.
- **b) Bituminous**
- Contains around 45 to 85% of Carbon.
- **c) Lignite:**
- 38-45% of Carbon.
- **d) Peat**
- Less than 38% Carbon
- **Global Distribution:**
- NorthAmerica**:** Gulf Coast, Appalachian, California, Alaska (USA), Prairies, Edmonton, Calgary (Canada)
- SouthAmerica**:** Maracaibo, Orinoco basin (Venezuela), Magdalena (Columbia), Punta Arenas (Chile), Falkland
- Europe**:** North Sea, Norway
- Africa**:** Algeria, Libya, Nigeria – Niger Delta
- Asia**:** Dhaharan, Quatif (Saudi Arabia), Mosul, Kirkuk, Zubair (Iraq), Masjid Sulaiman (Iran), Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Abudabhi (UAE); Baku (Azerbaijan), Urals, Caucasus, Caspian sea, NW Siberia, Sakhalin (Russia); Sumatra, Borneo (Indonesia); Brunei; Sarawak, Sabah (Malaysia), China.
- **2) Oilfields and Natural Gas:**
- **Global Distribution:**
- California region.
- Appalachian region.
- Maracaibo.
- Persian Gulf region.
- Europe: North Sea (Brent oil is the best quality)
- **Regions in India:**
- **Assam region:** Digboi, Naharkatiya, Hagriyan-Moran, and Surma river valley.
- Natural gas is also found in the Bagrijan-Moran area.
- **Gujarat region:** Khambakt and Ankleshwar where oil regions are extended up to Navgaon, Kosamba, Olpad, Dholka, Mehsana, Kalal, etc.
- Mumbai High region, a little away from the Mumbai coast
- Region off-shore in Krishna - Godavari river valley.
- **3) Shale Gas:**
- It is similar to natural gas.
- USA developed the Fracking technology for the extraction of shale gas.
- Hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracking, is a technique used in the extraction of natural gas from shale formations.
- **Lead Countries with technically recoverable Shale gas are:**
- 1) China
- 2) Argentina
- 3) Algeria
- 4) U.S.A
- 5) Canada

## ROCK FORMATIONS IN INDIA (6:15 PM)

- **1) Archean Rock Formations:**
- They are the deepest and oldest rock formations.
- Most of them are metamorphic in nature.
- No fossil evidence is found in this rock.
- No Economic minerals are found.
- Bundelkhand and Nilgiri are the regions where archean rocks are found.
- **2) Dharwar rock Formations:**
- Found near the Dharwad region in Karnataka
- Chota Nagpur Platue of East and Aravalis.
- They are rich in metalliferous minerals most important being Iron and Manganese.
- **3) Cuddahpah Rock Formations:**
- Erosion and deposition of Dharwar rocks near Cuddapah
- Rich in sandstone, limestone, and Dolemite.
- It is associated with Uranium.
- **4) Vindhyan Rock Formations:**
- They are majorly associated with rifting activities.
- Good amount of sandstone and limestone is found.
- Diamond is found (Panna, Golkonda, etc)
- **5) Gondwana Rock Formations:**
- They have majorly coal.
- Formed in the Carboniferous period.
- Mostly found in Cauvery, Son, and Mahanadi river basins.
- **6) Deccan Trap Formations:**
- The large-scale Deccan magma eruption led to the formation of the Deccan trap.
- **Natural resource potential of Deccan Trap:**
- Black soil
- Potential for Wind energy.
- Good groundwater storage potential.
- Potential for Hydro energy.
- **7) Tertiary Rock Formations:**
- It resulted due to the Himalaya formation process.
- They are all sedimentary in nature.
- Limestone is found in Pir Panjal, Dun Valley and Shivaliks, etc.
- **8) Quarternary Rock Formations:**
- They do not have metallic and non-metallic minerals.
- In some areas Shale gas and Oil(Assam Region)
- They contain Alluvial Soil.
- Lithium is discovered recently in these rock formations.
- **Iron ore in India:**
- Odisha**:** Gurumahisani, Sulepat, and Badam Pahar in Mayurbhanj district; Baramjader group extended in Keonjhar and Sundargarh districts.
- Singhbhum district of Jharkhand.
- Bailadilla of Bastar district in Chhattisgarh;
- Sandoor Hills at Bellary - Hospet region and Bababudan Hills at Chikmanglur district in Karnataka;
- **Bauxite in India:**
- Ranchi and Palamau in Jharkhand
- Sarguja, Shah dole, Durg, and Balaghat in Madhya Pradesh;
- Kolaba, Thane, and Ratnagiri in Maharashtra;
- Belgaon and Bababudan Hills in Karnataka;
- Palni, Javdi and Shevaroy hills regions in Tamil Nadu
- **Copper Ores in India:**
- Singhbhum in Jharkhand;
- Jhunjhunu, Bhilwara, Alwar, and Udaipur in Rajasthan; Khetri Mine in Rajasthan has been a major copper extracting region since the age of Indus Valley civilization.
- Balaghat in Madhya Pradesh;
- Guntur and Nellore districts in Andhra Pradesh.
- **Mica ore in India:**
- Muscovite and Biotite types of mica are extracted from Hazaribagh, Singhbhum, and Palamu districts.
- Other major mica-producing regions are Gaya and Munger in Bihar
- Nellore and Khammam in Andhra Pradesh
- Udaipur and Bhilwara districts in Rajasthan.
- **Shale gas Basins:**
- a) Cambay Basin
- b) Ganga Basin
- c) Assam-Arrakan Basin
- d) Damodar Valley in Gondavana Basin.
- e) Krishna- Godavari Basin
- f) Cauvery Basin.
- **Uranium occurrences in India:**
- Cuddapah Basin
- Bhima Basin
- Tummalapalle
- Chattisgarh Basin
- Aravalli Region.
- Shillong region.
- Singhbhum province
- **Thorium :**
- **Global Distribution:**
- India
- USA
- Australia
- Canada
- **In India:**
- Found in the beach Monazite sand.
- Rare earth minerals and Titanium is also found.
- Some prominent states are Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, etc.
- **Other important minerals in India:**
- |  |  |
  | --- | --- |
  | **Major Minerals:** | **Minor Minerals:** |
  | - They come under the direct control of the Central government. - For Example Coal, Lignite, - Asbestos - Calcite - Diamond - Dolomite - Gypsum - Kaolin - Jasper - Kyanite - Limestone - Pyrite - Quartz - Silica Sands - Shale - Ilmenite - Rutite | - The regulation of minor minerals is done by the state government. - Bentonite - Boulders - Building Stones - Gravel - Lime Stone - Marble - Slate, etc. |

## ISSUES DUE TO MINING (07:16 PM)

- Unplanned and haphazard mining causes a lot of issues.
- **Environmental Issues:**
- Air pollution due to open-cast mining.
- Water pollution due to disturbance of groundwater channels, and seepage of chemicals into the groundwater.
- Soil pollution due to increased soil pollution.
- Deforestation.
- Land degradation.
- **Economical Issues:**
- Inefficient methods of extraction reduces profit.
- Improper management of coal auction.
- **Administrative Issues:**
- Illegal mining, i.e. Mining beyond the sanctioned area and limit, transportation beyond the limit.
- Exploitation of labour.
- Damage to infrastructure like roads, bridges due to overload.
- Land acquisition for mining is a big issue.
- **Social Issues:**
- Displacement of tribals, labours.
- Migration of people for employment.
- Serious health and social issues due to mining activity.
- **Technology issues:**
- Mining is done through old and absolute methods.
- For Example, in Rat hole mining, the coal available in Meghalaya is thin, and difficult to extract it.
- The small holes are dug and a small amount of extraction is took place through this method.
- This method is risky and illegal.

## MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY (07:38 PM)

- The production of identical goods on a large scale using raw materials, machinery, power, and specialized labour in a factory setting is called the manufacturing industry.
- It produces standardized commodities.
- **Locational Factors:**
- Factors affecting the location of the industry are called locational factors.
- **1) Raw Material:**
- Easy availability, cost of raw material, easy to transport, weight losing or non-weight losing, perishable and non-perishable like the Sugar industry.
- **2) Market:**
- Bigger the market more the demand and can generate more profit.
- **3) Labour:**
- Labour availability
- Skilled and unskilled
- Cheaper availability
- **4) Energy/Power:**
- Availability
- Cheaper supply of power.
- Regular supply of power.
- **5) Infrastructure:**
- Transportation methods.
- Land and other infrastructure
- **6) Capital:**
- The availability of capital is an important factor.
- **7) Government policies:**
- The policies like tax incentives, Labour laws, import-export policy, etc.
- **Foot Loose industry:**
- The industries which are not dependent upon specific raw materials or raw materials that can be obtained from anywhere are called footloose industries.
- For Example IT Industry.

## COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY (07:59 PM)

- **Significance:**
- It is the largest agro-based industry.
- It is labour intensive and culturally, historically we are closer to this industry.
- **Three types of cotton Industries:**
- **a) Handlooms:**
- Made out of hands/manpower like Khadi.
- **b) Power looms:**
- The production took place
- **c) Cotton Spinning Mills**
- **Locational factor:**
- **Raw material:**
- The cotton is grown in the black soil region.
- Cotton is a non-weight-losing industry.
- **Market:**
- It is the most dominant factor
- It requires a good transportation network.
- Regular power supply, labour is also required.
- Bombay Spinning and weaving company was established in 1854.
- The initial cotton mills were located in the Bombay presidency region.
- **The initial areas where industries set up were:**
- Ahmedabad- Manchester of India.
- Gandhinagar, Kolhapur, Nagpur, Solapur, etc.
- **Distribution:**
- The first shift away from the core region happened in the south.
- Coimbatore is called Manchester of south India, and Tirupur is a specific region where the cotton and textile industry is set up.
- **Reasons for the southward shift:**
- Availability of port.
- Cheap labour.
- Availability of cheap power.
- **Eastern region:**
- Alluvial soil for cotton.
- Kanpur, Varanasi, Agra, Mathura, Bhopal, etc.
- **Problems of the Cotton Textile Industry:**
- Raw material supply is irregular.
- Quality of cotton supply is poor.
- Higher dependence on BT Cotton.
- The cheap alternatives like technical textiles.
- Old technology is not cost-effective.
- **Major Producers:**
- USA, Uzbekistan, Bangladesh, Vietnam, etc.

## THE TOPIC FOR THE NEXT CLASS: MAJOR INDUSTRIES (To be Continued)